The new sibling fixed consequences define 65% of your type within the knowledge inside try
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
In our test you will find 676 siblings, out-of whom 302 was in fact ple (as they come from children in which one girl was married very early) provides fathers having significantly lower educational attainment, will be Muslim, and are likely to are now living in outlying elements
Whenever we discuss the latest extent that state and you may community repaired consequences capture variations in public and financial disadvantage by the examining the ability to establish type for the educational attainment, we discover that the community repaired consequences define more than 30% associated with the version, much more versus step three% told me of the state fixed outcomes. All of the version are but not contained in this towns.
I basic expose estimations one to handle having province*time-revolution FE following town*time-wave FE. We next wade one step next by to present results in which i estimate aunt fixed outcomes patterns the spot where the coefficients try projected away from reviews of sisters Shaki sexy girls, certainly one of who had married early while the other which did not. That it review control for all friends features, one another observable and you may unobservable, educated from the sisters e.grams., family relations records. Which however cuts down on the test. These email address details are for this reason best read as actually applicable to domiciles off way more conservative minimizing socio-monetary house. Footnote 10
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.